TOP 10:Helicopters - AH-64D Apache longbow (No.1)

laser guided hellfire missile:

video to see apache in action:

and to get information in detail :

it has a modern high tech guided anti-tank rocket on high air frame, with a lots of targeting systems and is built to endure very bad environments. it can be operate during day or night and in adverse weather. it has GPS navigation,night vision ,black box, infrared counter measure and map viewing live,

a pretty large gun is attached to it, 30 mm gun that fires high explosive rounds at about 650 rounds per minute , also has a laser guided missile the hellfire missile that saw its first real views in dessert storms where the Apache was tremendously successful ,

the Apache high tech capability combined with its awe some armaments makes it the helicopterthat every one wants to fly

the longbow radar which is attached to it , it can detect and classify more then one hundred and sixty eight targets prioritised the sixteen most dangerous and initiate a awesome attack

it is a twin engine bird with 4 blades, siitng capacity, only 2 two people can sit in it and it has a nose mounted sensor suite for target acquisition. and night vision system to see clear in dark or bad weather,

weight:11,799 LBS

manufacturer: the Boeing company

type: attack helicopter

armament:1,30mm automatic cannon chain gun, 16 anti tank laser guided hellfire missiles ,76 70mm folding fin aerial rockets,

power plant: 2 general electric T 700 GE 701 C turbo shafts

carrying capacity: none

maximum cruising speed:165 miles/hour

i love flowers

but

this nice bunch of flower is for you to make your eyes and mind fresh

4 AGM-114 hellfire missiles

1 AGM -114 hellfire missile and 4 hydra 70 rockets

See infrared image of a dog:

infrared is a very good technology to see things in dark fog or any kind of bad weather,how it works ? it shows thing's images according to their body temperature sepraterly anywhere in dark,fog or light,u can eaisly recognise them by their body structure image and can eaisly see their movements.

apache helicopter use it to see things, when required.

TOP 10:Helicopters - Bell 47(No.10)

Bell 47 No. 10

manufacturer: bell helicopter

type : general utility helicopter

power plant : 1 lycoming vo-435 A1B six cylinder engine

armament : 2*7 , 62 mm machine guns

length : 43 FT

weight : 1,935 LBS

carrying capacity : 2 medical litters 1000 LBS cargo

maximum cruising speed : 83 miles /hour

TOP 10:Helicopters - Focke-Achgelis FA223 Drache (NO.9)

Focke-Achgelis FA223 Drache (NO.9)

Focke Achgelis 223 :

manufacturer : focke achgelis flugzeugbau

type : utility helicopter

power plant : 1 bra mo 323 q-03 Fafnir engine

length : 40 feet

armament : 1 mg 15 , 2*551 LBS bombs

weight : 7000 LBS

carrying capacity : 2,204 LBS cargo

maximum cruising speed : 75 miles/hour

TOP 10:Helicopters - Westland Lynx(No.8)

Westland Lynx(No.8)

lynx :

manufacturer : agustawestland

type : light utility helicopter

power plant : 2 rolls roycs, cm 41*1 turbo shafts

armament : 2*20 mm cannons , 2* 70 mm rocket launchers

8* 2 missiles

length : 50 ft

weight : 7,255 LBS

carrying capacity : 10 troops ,or 2000 LBS cargo

maximum cruising speed : 152 miles/ hour

TOP 10:Helicopters - CH-47 Chinook(No.7)

CH-47 Chinook(No.7)

ch47 Chinook :

manufacturer : the Boeing company

type : medium transport helicopter

powerplant : 2 honey well t 55-l 742 turbo shafts

armament : 2*7.62 mm machine guns ,

length : 99 ft

weight : 25,463 LBS

carrying capacity : 33-55 troops , or 24 medical litters , 26000 LBS cargo

maximum cruising speed : 165 /hour

TOP 10:Helicopters - MI-24 Hind(No.6)

MI-24 Hind(No.6)

Mi 24 Hind

manufacturer : moskovsky vertolyotny zavod Moscow helicopter plant

type : two seat-gun chip helicopter

power plant : 2 klimov tv3 117mt-turbo shafts

armament : 1 yak b 12.7 mm machine gun, 4* 9m17p scorpion

anti-tank missiles , 20* 80 mm Sb rockets

length : 70 ft

weight : 18,893 LBS

carrying capacity : 8 troops ,

maximum cruising speed : 185 miles/hour

TOP 10:Helicopters - OH-6 Cayuse(No.5)

OH-6 Cayuse(No.5)


OH-6 Cayuse(No.5)

OH 06 cayuse

manufacturer : Hughes helicopter and medical Douglas

type : light observation and attack helicopter

power plant : 1 * Allison t-63 a-5a turbo shafts

armament : 2* 7.62 mm machine guns and 2* 70 mm rocket pods

length : 32 ft

weight : 1,975 LBS

carrying capacity : 4 armed troops ,

maximum cruising speed : 137 miles/hour

TOP 10:Helicopters - AH-1 Cobra(No.4)

AH-1 Cobra(No.4)

AH-1 cobra

manufacturer : bell helicopters

type : attack helicopter

power plant : 2* general electric t700 GE-401 turbo shafts

armament : 1* m1 97 three barrel 20 mm gun , 16 hellfire anti-tank

missiles, 76* 70 mm folding fin aerial rockets

length : 58 ft

weight : 10,919 LBS

carrying capacity : none

maximum cruising speed : 173 miles/hour

TOP 10:Helicopters - UH-1 Huey(No.3)

UH-1 Huey(No.3)

UH-1 Huey :

manufacturer : bell helicopter

type : utility helicopter

power plant : 1 textron lyconing t53-l-13 turbo shafts

length : 58 feet

armament : 2* 7.62 mm machine guns, 16*70 mm air- to -surface

rockets

weight : 5209 LBS

carrying capacity : 11 to 14 troops 6 medical letters or 3000 pounds cargo

maximum cruising speed : 115 miles/hour

TOP 10:Helicopters - UH-60 black hawk (No.2)

UH-60 black hawk(No.2)

UH-60 black hawk

manufacturer : Sikorsky aircraft

type : multi role medium helicopter

power plant : 2 general electric t700- GE-701c turbo shafts

length : 65 ft

armament : 2*7.8 mm 6 barrel mini guns ,16 hellfire anti-tank missiles

weight : 11,283 LBS

carrying capacity : 11 troops or 8000 LBS cargo

maximum cruising speed : 160 miles/hour

TOP 10:Helicopters - AH-64D Apache (No.1)

AH-64D Apache (No.1)

Night vision range

Spectral range

Night-useful spectral range techniques make the viewer sensitive to types of light that would be invisible to a human observer. Human vision is confined to a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum called visible light. Enhanced spectral range allows the viewer to take advantage of non-visible sources of electromagnetic radiation (such as near-infrared or ultraviolet radiation). Some animals can see well into the infrared and/or ultraviolet compared to humans.

Intensity range

Sufficient intensity range is simply the ability to see with very small quantities of light. Although the human visual system can, in theory, detect single photons under ideal conditions, the neurological noise filters limit sensitivity to a few tens of photons, even in ideal conditions.^[2]

Many animals have better night vision than humans do, the result of one or more differences in the morphology and anatomy of their eyes. These include having a larger eyeball, a larger lens, a larger optical aperture (the pupils may expand to the physical limit of the eyelids), more rods than cones (or rods exclusively) in theretina, a tapetum lucidum, and improved neurological filtering.

Enhanced intensity range is achieved via technological means through the use of an image intensifier, gain multiplication CCD, or other very low-noise and high-sensitivity array of photodetectors.

Night glasses

Binoculars (night vision goggles on flight helmet) Note: the green color of the objective lenses is the reflection of the Light Interference Filters, not a glow.

Night glasses

Night glasses are telescopes or binoculars with a large diameter objective. Large lenses can gather and concentrate light, thus intensifying light with purely optical means and enabling the user to see better in the dark than with naked eye alone. Often night glasses also have a fairly large exit pupil of 7 mm or more to let all gathered light into the user's eye. However, many people can't take advantage of this because of the limited dilation of the human pupil. To overcome this, soldiers were sometimes issuedatropine eye drops to dilate pupils. Before the introduction of image intensifiers, night glasses were the only method of night vision, and thus were widely utilized, especially at sea. Second World War era night glasses usually had a lens diameter of 56 mm or more with magnification of seven or eight. Major drawbacks of night glasses are their large size and weight.

Biological night vision

In biological night vision, molecules of rhodopsin in the rods of the eye undergo a change in shape as light is absorbed by them. Rhodopsin is the chemical that allows night-vision, and is extremely sensitive to light. Exposed to a spectrum of light, the pigment immediately bleaches, and it takes about 30 minutes to regenerate fully, but most of the adaptation occurs within the first five or ten minutes in the dark. Rhodopsin in the human rods is less sensitive to the longer red wavelengths of light, so many people use red light to help preserve night vision as it only slowly depletes the eye's rhodopsin stores in the rods and instead is viewed by the cones.

Many animals have a tissue layer called the tapetum lucidum in the back of the eye that reflects light back through the retina, increasing the amount of light available for it to capture. This is found in many nocturnal animals and some deep sea animals, and is the cause of eyeshine. Humans lack a tapetum lucidum.

Nocturnal mammals have rods with unique properties that make enhanced night vision possible. The nuclear pattern of their rods changes shortly after birth to become inverted. In contrast to contemporary rods, inverted rods have heterochromatin in the center of their nuclei and euchromatin and other transcription factors along the border. In addition, the outer nuclear layer (ONL) in nocturnal mammals is thick due to the millions of rods present to process the lower light intensities of a few photons. Rather than being scattered, the light is passed to each nucleus individually.^[3] In fact, an animal's ability to see in low light levels may be similar to what humans see when using first- or perhaps second-generation image intensifiers.^{[citation needed]}

Large size of the eye, and large size of the pupil relative to the eye, also contribute to night vision

Night vision devices

A night vision device (NVD) is a device comprising an IR image intensifier tube in a rigid casing, commonly used by military forces. Lately night vision technology has become more widely available for civilian use, for example night vision filming and photography, night life observation, marine navigation and security. Some car manufacturers install portable night vision cameras on their vehicles.

A specific type of NVD, the night vision goggle (or NVG) is a night vision device with dual eyepieces; the device can utilize either one intensifier tube with the same image sent to both eyes, or a separate image intensifier tube for each eye. Night vision goggle combined with magnification lenses constitutes night vision binoculars. Other types include monocular night vision devices with only one eyepiece which may be mounted to firearms as night sights.

Active infrared, Thermal vision, Image intensifier

Active infrared

Imaging results with and without active-infrared.

Active infrared night vision combines infrared illumination of spectral range 700nm–1000nm – just below the visible spectrum of the human eye – with CCD cameras sensitive to this light. The resulting scene, which is apparently dark to a human observer, appears as a monochrome image on a normal display device.^[4]

Because active infrared night vision systems can incorporate illuminators that produce high levels of infrared light, the resulting images are typically higher resolution than other night vision technologies.^[5][6] Active infrared night vision is now commonly found in commercial, residential and government security applications, where it enables effective night time imaging under low light conditions. However, since active infrared light can be detected by night vision goggles, it is generally not used in tactical military operations.

Thermal vision

Thermal imaging cameras are excellent tools for night vision. They image emitted thermal radiation and do not need a source of illumination. They produce an image in the darkest of nights and can see through light fog, rain and smoke. Thermal imaging cameras make small temperature differences visible. Thermal imaging cameras are widely used to complement new or existing security networks. See Thermographic camera.

Image intensifier

Main article: Image intensifier

The image intensifier is a vacuum-tube based device that converts visible light from an image so that a dimly lit scene can be viewed by a camera or the naked eye. While many believe the light is "amplified," it is not. When IR light strikes a chargedphotocathode plate, electrons are emitted through a vacuum tube that strike the microchannel plate that cause the image screen to illuminate with a picture in the same pattern as the IR light that strikes the photocathode, and is on a frequency that the human eye can see. This is much like a CRT television, but instead of color guns the photocathode does the emitting.

The image is said to become "intensified" because the output visible light is brighter than the incoming IR light, and this effect directly relates to the difference in passive and active night vision goggles. Currently, the most popular image intensifier is the drop-in ANVIS module, though many other models and sizes are available at the market.

Eyeshine

Eyeshine

In darkness, eyeshine reveals this raccoon

Eyeshine is a visible effect of the tapetum lucidum. When a light is shone into the eye of an animal having a tapetum lucidum, thepupil appears to glow. Eyeshine can be seen in many animals, in nature and in flash photographs. In low light, a hand-held flashlight is sufficient to produce eyeshine that is highly visible to humans (despite our inferior night vision); this technique,spotlighting, is used by naturalists and hunters to search for animals at night. Eyeshine occurs in a wide variety of colorsincluding white, blue, green, yellow, pink and red. However, because eyeshine is a form of iridescence, the color varies slightly with the angle at which it is seen and the color of the source light.

White eyeshine occurs in many fish, especially walleye; blue eyeshine occurs in many mammals such as horses; yellow eyeshine occurs in mammals such as cats, dogs, and raccoons; and red eyeshine occurs in rodents, opossums andbirds.

The human eye has no tapetum lucidum, hence no eyeshine. However, in humans and animals two effects can occur that may resemble eyeshine: leukocoria (white shine, indicative of abnormalities including cataracts, cancers, and other problems) and red-

Tapetum lucidum

Dogs have eyeshine, humans do not

The tapetum lucidum (Latin: "bright tapestry", plural tapeta lucida)^[1] is a layer of tissue in the eye of many vertebrate animals, that lies immediately behind or sometimes within the retina. It reflects visible light back through the retina, increasing the light available to the photoreceptors. This improves vision in low-light conditions, but can cause the perceived image to be blurry from the interference of the reflected light.^{[citation needed]} The tapetum lucidum contributes to the superior night vision of some animals. Many of these animals are nocturnal, especially carnivores that hunt their prey at night, while others are deep sea animals. Although strepsirhine primates have a tapetum lucidum, humans and other Haplorhine primates do not.